| Climatic and soil factors | |
|---|---|
| Moisture: stress | |
| Moisture: waterlogging | |
| Soils: acid and alkaline | |
| Soils: saline | |
| Sun and temperature effects | |
| Lodging | |
| Mineral nutrition | |
| Crop management factors | |
|---|---|
| Chemical injury | |
| Genetic traits | |
| Plant density | |
| Plant distribution | |
| Planting problems: land preparation and planting methods | |
| Pests and diseases | |
|---|---|
| Birds and rodents | |
| Defoliation | |
| Diseases: bacteria and fungi | |
| Diseases: viral | |
| Insects: above ground | |
| Insects: soil pests | |
| Weed competition | |